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The 19th century, the center of the United Kingdom is still a miracle of mechanization. It was the beginning of the industrial revolution only to export products. This is a well-known businessman in many products, and provides the most information on how to develop these products. But this is a secret, too rich fulfilled. Revolution soon spread to Europe and North America. Later, it spread to Japan, China and India. The second is the spread of contamination. It says that smoke and toxic fumes of sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a byproduct of the burning of coal, followed by where industrialization. London's fog, fog and pollution mixing thickness and because it takes time to a lamppost, is to open in the middle of the day, Dickens said the fog ", especially in London." And the spread of pollution, there is no resistance. On the air quality law, as soon as possible in the United States through 1815 Pittsburgh, Chicago, Cincinnati.           The Beginnings of Industrialization     The Industrial Revolution had its roots in the scientific progress of the Renaissance (from the 1300s to the 1500s). Leonardo da Vinci sketched the precursors to the machines that would later be invented during the Industrial Revolution. Factories in Sweden were using waterpower as early as the 1720s. Gunsmiths in France were then developing their own factory system. But it was in Britain that all the changes came together in the middle of the 1700s.   Feudalism began to break down after the Renaissance. The self-sufficient manorial village with its lords and peasants gradually gave way to commercial farming where farmers took their products to markets to trade for cash. Market considerations replaced traditional practices and things got more efficient.   ... The agricultural revolution set the stage for the industrial one to follow.   The rise of free market trade happened in Britain much more rapidly than it did on the continent. The British nobility was hooked on trade. Britain had lots of rivers and seaports and an overseas empire with plenty of raw materials. Merchants, landowners, and ship captains were out hustling, investing, and doing deals. Improvements in sanitation, health care, and agriculture helped the population expand. Europe had money to burn from the gold and silver it had stolen from the newly conquered Native Americans. British merchants looked at each other and said, we've got to have ourselves a sale.   To have a sale, however, the British had to have something to sell. Textiles must have certainly come to mind. The British were famous for it. But making cloth and clothing was such a slow process. There are a number of tedious steps that go into producing a piece of cloth. The fibers must be combed until they are parallel. They need to be spun or twisted to make yarn or thread. After which you had to get your loom and hand-make some cloth.   People had been trying for centuries to mechanize these processes. Lewis Paul invented a spinning machine in 1738 that could mechanically shape fibers and spin thread. Edmund Cartwright patented a crude power loom in 1785. The handloom operators burned down one of the first factories, but that didn't stop progress. By 1813, there were about 3,000 power looms in operation in Britain; 20 years later there were 100,000.   It was the steam engine that really fueled the Industrial Revolution. By the early 1700s there were already a number of crude steam-powered machines for pumping water out of the mines. (Mines flood when they go deeper than the water table.) But these early devices used massive amounts of coal and were only practical at mine pits where coal was cheap. James Watt (1736-1819), a Scottish engineer, was called to fix one of these big guys in the 1760s and he started thinking about ways to make it better. With the old engine, the cylinder had to be heated up and then cooled down to bring about condensation. Watt devised a separate condenser attached to the cylinder. He made the engine reciprocating, by letting steam into one end of the cylinder and then into the other end, adapting this power to produce rotary motion. In other words, it could turn a wheel.   More that that, by converting the steam power into rotary power it could turn mills and operate machinery that had previously been powered by water wheels. Plus, the machine could be taken anywhere you wanted and you didn't have to rely on the local creek to keep going.   ... In the nineteenth century, Britain was still the center of the mechanized miracle. At first it only exported products of the Industrial Revolution. It was the proverbial merchant with lots of goods to offer, but little information on how it developed those products. However, it was a secret too lucrative to be kept. Soon the revolution spread to Europe and North America. Then it spread to Japan, China, and India.   Pollution followed the spread. Visible smoke and the noxious fumes of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a byproduct of the burning of coal, followed wherever industrialization went. London fogs, a mixture of fog and pollution, were at time so thick that they required street lamps to be turned on in the middle of the day. Dickens called these fogs "London Particular." As pollution spread, so did the resistance to it. Laws on air quality were adopted as early as 1815 in Pittsburgh, Chicago, and Cincinnati.   … [T]he citizens of London had banded together to protest the increasing problem. But the cries of those complaining were drowned out by those who'd tasted the fruits of industrialization and wanted more. And the same story repeated itself in Europe and the United States. Industrialization moved forward.           — Michael Tennesen, Complete Idiot's Guide to Global Warming, Chapter 8 – The Dawn of the Industrial Age                           Indexes/20